Чорні Троянди - Google+ Історія наркоманії на Московщині (Російській Імперії) : bilastrila
This is what Alexander Vertinsky, the most popular artist of Russia of that era, recalled about this:
The absence of serious drug addiction among the broad masses of the people caused the short-sighted complacency of the country's ruling circles, who ignored its gradual growth.
One of the reasons that drug addiction at that time was not seen as a terrible social evil in our country was that in the 19th and early 20th centuries narcotic drugs were perceived, both in the West and in Russia, as merely ordinary (although potent) drugs.
A very interesting story about this is available in the “Diary of the White Guard,” A.P. Budberga
Here we must understand that under the contempt term “comrades” A.P. Budberg, in this case, means by no means "party" Bolsheviks, but entire echelons of deserters who then threw the front and went with guns to the internal regions of Russia, doing terrible atrocities along the way.
It was just such a train with bandit deserters who moved ahead of the express train, on which the Budberg family went to Harbin:
And then this emergency commissioner of the Northern Region inadvertently ruined all carefully organized drug traffic:
“Having seen the train car restaurant in our train, the formidable commissar decided that the bourgeois could do without this car, and transferred it to his meridian; it's all the same to us, because we don’t use it, but in despair, the opioque carriers that make up half of the passengers: it turns out that they have eight poods of opium in the walls of the dining car, worth over half a million. One of them remained in Vyatka, obviously in order to gain their goods. ”
Can you imagine how well everything was arranged in order to deliver Eight poods of opium from Persia to St. Petersburg in time of war, across all borders and customs, to hide it in the walls of express cars, and again through all customs and borders to Harbin ?!
"February 1, 1918
In the most difficult situation was the royal army.
A completely different picture was then on the Western front and in the armies of the Central Powers.
There was no such addiction in the Russian army, but this evil, gradually, penetrated into broad layers of officers, doctors, medical personnel and people close to them.
The most vivid example is the famous General Yakov Slashchov-Krymsky.
Our famous surgeon N.N. Burdenko, analyzing the means of anesthesia used in 1914 on the North-Western Front, complained about the lack of drugs that would not cause dependence on them in the wounded, insisted on the need in this regard to carefully prepare for future wars.
little-studied, unpopular, question, yet, problem, very, has, already, begun, manifest, drug, itself, First, addiction, then, developed, among, courseDrugs in the Russian Empire in the early twentieth century
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- October 14th, 2015
This is a very little-studied and “unpopular” question, and yet this problem has already begun to manifest itself. First of all, of course, drug addiction developed among the then “golden youth”, “minors of the Melpomene” and their close circle: “I give half light”, admirers, friends, servants, and so on.
This is what Alexander Vertinsky, the most popular artist of Russia of that era, recalled about this:
“Cocaine was first sold openly in pharmacies, in sealed brown barrels, one gram each. The best, the German company "Mark" cost fifty dollars a gram. Then he was forbidden to sell without a prescription, and it became harder and harder to get it. He was already sold “with hands” - unclean, mixed with tooth powder, and it cost ten times more ...
Poets, artists were interrupted by random snuffs borrowed from others, because most often they did not have money for their cocaine.
I remember once I looked out the window of the attic, where we lived (the window looked out on the roof), and saw that the entire roof slope under my window was littered with brown empty cans from Markovka cocaine. How many were there? I began to count in horror. How much I sniffed this year! ”
Who was poorer, and could not pay for his treatment in private clinics, quietly died at home from "overdose", or drug breaking. This phenomenon has not caused much public concern.
The fact is that before the First World War, the Russian peasantry, in contrast to the poor strata of the population of China, or Persia, practically did not know drug addiction. For centuries, our ancestors grew both poppy and hemp, and did not realize that they can be processed into various intoxicating agents.
The absence of serious drug addiction among the broad masses of the people caused the short-sighted complacency of the country's ruling circles, who ignored its gradual growth.
Some of our scientists even wrote "soothing" articles. “Fortunately for us Russians,” prof. A.I. Kovalevsky is a morbid condition known as morphiomania ... very little spread. Morphiomania is many times more common in France, in England, in Italy and further to the East, especially in Constantinople. ”
The calm and well-being of that time, in this matter, was based on a huge share of the rural population of Russia who is unfamiliar with drugs.
But among the then Bohemia, popular artists, and part of the “creative intelligentsia,” drug addiction was already flourishing.
And yet, the law enforcement bodies of Russia did not pay attention to organized crime related to the sale and distribution of drugs, you will think that they are selling drugs.
One of the reasons that drug addiction at that time was not seen as a terrible social evil in our country was that in the 19th and early 20th centuries narcotic drugs were perceived, both in the West and in Russia, as merely ordinary (although potent) drugs.
At that time, both Russian and foreign physicians knew little about the terrible effect of “addiction” to drugs and did not pay much attention to it, considering it the “lesser of evils”.
At that time, various narcotic drugs intensively treated wealthy people suffering from drunkenness and alcoholism, as well as mentally ill patients, imperceptibly giving rise to drug-addicted patients.
Other sources of popularization of drug taking among the educated strata of the population in Russia include some works of foreign and domestic writers. (Let us recall how even such a world-famous literary character “Sherlock Holmes,” for example, “stimulated” himself with drugs.
At the beginning of the twentieth century, after the construction of the railway lines that connected St. Petersburg and Moscow with the Turkestan region, and then Persia, Asian drugs began to flow intensively.
Already then schemes of effective transnational drug transfer along the railway lines of the Russian Empire for the transfer of hashish and opium along the Asia-Russia-Western Europe directions emerged.
During World War I, these channels were reoriented to the Persia – Russia – Manchuria (CER) line.
A very interesting story about this is available in the “Diary of the White Guard,” A.P. Budberga
After October 1917, he lived with his family in Petrograd. Thanks to his connections at the General Staff (which continued to function even after the October Revolution), he (the former tsarist lieutenant-general and baron, we emphasize) managed to get an appointment to Tokyo station. (And Japan, during the First World War, was an ally of Russia).
(That was such a “terrible commissar control” of generals and barons after the October Revolution, at first).
Of course, in Harbin, AP Budberg "resigned" and openly moved into the camp of the enemies of Soviet power, even becoming, later, the Minister of War in the government of Admiral A.V. Kolchak.
We are going decently; the corridors of the cars are filled with comrades who behave decently, they don’t climb in a compartment and even try to serve to help by performing various small tasks; This is partly due to the elderly team of riders (old soldiers of the service life of 1901–2), as well as strict measures taken by the commissars, who opposed the soldiers to the red army and the red police , ”notes A.P. Budberg
From the lips of a staunch anti-Soviet and hater of Bolshevism, such a high appreciation of the "strict measures" of commissars to restore order on the railway is worth a lot.
Indeed, as a result of the complete collapse of the entire national economy that occurred in the country after February 1917, indescribable chaos and “chaos” was created on the railways:
Here we must understand that under the contempt term “comrades” A.P. Budberg, in this case, means by no means "party" Bolsheviks, but entire echelons of deserters who then threw the front and went with guns to the internal regions of Russia, doing terrible atrocities along the way.
Licentiousness, anarchy and anarchy, aggravated by alcohol, provoked, at times, people to terrible atrocities ...
A crowd of passengers trying to get on the train at the station during the Civil War
It was just such a train with bandit deserters who moved ahead of the express train, on which the Budberg family went to Harbin:
“My wife asked one station manager why they would not let the express train forward during the stop of the“ comrades ”at the food points, to which he replied:“ madam, is there anyone willing to die ahead of time and a violent death ”?!
“When they approached the Sharya station, there was a massacre between the train arriving at the station and the local police officers; The massacre ended with eight killed and several dozen wounded.
The fact that the formidable commissioner was able to “bring to his senses” this gangster deserter echelon, and even got the issuance of the instigators from them (which he immediately shot, to instruct the rest of scoundrels), is expensive.
All the deserters had enough weapons in abundance (sometimes they grabbed and carried with them, for sale, even machine guns and light weapons).
“Overtaking fear” and forcing people to obey, which, after 3 years of world war, both own and other people's lives were “penny”, should have been able to.
Red Guard of the Nikolaev railway
And then this emergency commissioner of the Northern Region inadvertently ruined all carefully organized drug traffic:
“Having seen the train car restaurant in our train, the formidable commissar decided that the bourgeois could do without this car, and transferred it to his meridian; it's all the same to us, because we don’t use it, but in despair, the opioque carriers that make up half of the passengers: it turns out that they have eight poods of opium in the walls of the dining car, worth over half a million. One of them remained in Vyatka, obviously in order to gain their goods. ”
Can you imagine how well everything was arranged in order to deliver Eight poods of opium from Persia to St. Petersburg in time of war, across all borders and customs, to hide it in the walls of express cars, and again through all customs and borders to Harbin ?!
Apparently, the drug was hidden not only in the walls of this confiscated dining car, but it was also located in the walls of other cars. It was not by chance that only one of the drug couriers remained to “help out” their goods, while the rest went on with express.
"February 1, 1918
“Our opiotorgovtsy from Vyatka in a depressed state; Vladivostok merchant Popov, traveling with us, tells us that opio-trade has recently received a solid organization and has a whole network of offices and agents; the most expensive opium is transported from Persia and Turkestan to Petrograd, where it is embedded in the walls of express trains and moves to Harbin.
The main agency consists of very elegant, but also very cheeky ladies, who are able to be ladies in the right cases, pleasant in all respects, for those power agents who can interfere with trade; they earn several tens of thousands of rubles per flight, and therefore they throw money at the top. ”
As far as it was then dangerous for the ladies (who did not have the opportunity to fling money, and who ventured to travel on their own), says the following example from A.V. Budberg:
"I saw the former commander of the 27 corps of the gene. Kuzmina-Karavaeva, who had just arrived from Tiflis from the Commander-in-Chief of the Caucasian Army;
go now, he said, worse than any hard labor; he himself saw several passengers, including two ladies, who were squeezed into destroyed latrines, overwhelmed with soldiers' belongings, and rode for 10 days, buying at a high price the water they brought to them by their comrades. ”
It was not customary to call such things by their proper names even in personal diaries, upbringing did not allow ...
It was necessary to urgently create and mass use of such anesthetic medication drugs that were able to immerse the wounded during operations (and heavy dressings) in deep and rapid sleep. For this, opium, morphine and heroin have been used.
Until 1914, only biological and vegetable medicinal raw materials were supplied from our country to Europe, primarily to factories in Germany. And at very low purchase prices.
After this, German pharmaceuticals processed raw materials into finished products, the Russian-ordered drug products returned, but for a completely different, much higher wholesale cost.
It is possible that the authorities who somehow assumed that the German emperor, even during the war years, would supply, as in peacetime, drug-containing medicines from Russia, and most likely, simply “did not bother” with this, in modern terms.
"Heroin" - the official name of the cough production and the now living firm "Bayer", officially sold in pharmacies in Europe and Germany almost to the beginning of the 30s. Exactly until the moment when it turned out the side effects and addiction.
It must be said that the trade relations between Russia and Germany on the eve of the WWI were unequal, semi-colonial.
The trade agreement that the government of Nicholas II concluded with Germany was so beneficial for the Germans that it was then considered that its benefits paid off all the costs of maintaining the German army in peacetime.
Surgeons in the field began to do the surgery "live", already without any anesthesia. To relieve the suffering of the wounded, in the old manner, as in the 17th - 19th centuries, alcohol was used, but this did not help much.
From the operating room came terrible screams, and even the dressings were a real torment, with fainting and loss of consciousness wounded by pain.
When it became clear that there was no need to expect medical help from Germany or from numerous allies, the Russian bureaucracy began to move.
On May 14, 1915, an emergency interagency meeting was held in Petrograd at the Department of Agriculture of the Ministry of the Interior of the Russian Empire “On Improving the Production of Medicinal Plants in Russia”.
It is considered expedient to “cultivate the hypnotic (opium) poppy - Papaver somniferum - and create our own industrial base for handicraft and factory processing of raw materials and the production of a range of medicines.”
Unfortunately, it is very difficult to find official Russian data on the production and purchase of narcotic drugs abroad. It is possible that such statistics, with the king, simply was not kept.
A completely different picture was then on the Western front and in the armies of the Central Powers.
“The allied armies and the armies of their opponents were more likely to experience a glut of supplies of medical drugs. At the same time, heroin, because of its greater narcotic activity, was used more often than morphine and opium. Of course, getting used to it came faster. No wonder that in the West they called him "soldier's medicine."
The article by Sofia Kornienko “Cocaine for War” tells about the Netherlands, where during the First World War there was a cocaine factory. It functioned since 1900. The drug was sold to the Entente states and to the States of the Triple Alliance. In 1919 alone, 13 tons of cocaine were legally sold. The article by S. Kornienko gives an example of the work of the German company Merck in Darmastadt, which “produced about 21 tons of cocaine in 1912-1914, and more than one and a half tons a year during the First World War” .
“This story was unearthed by the Dutch writer Conny Braam. She claims that cocaine at the front was distributed to servicemen through medical units.
For the convenience of his reception in the trenches, the drug was made in the form of tablets called "Accelerated March". On the tank, where the pills were placed, there was a label with the inscription "Weakens the feeling of hunger and increases endurance." The writer speaks of hundreds of thousands of drug addict soldiers who became such thanks to the work of legalized drug factories. ”
There was no such addiction in the Russian army, but this evil, gradually, penetrated into broad layers of officers, doctors, medical personnel and people close to them.
For obvious reasons, it was never particularly advertised, however, it is known that even many famous people became drug addicts.
Some of them miraculously “jumped off” from a needle or cocaine (such as Alexander Vertinsky, or Mikhail Bulgakov, for example), but many hundreds of thousands could not do it ...
Of course, many officers, especially those who were repeatedly injured, also became addicted.
The most vivid example is the famous General Yakov Slashchov-Krymsky.
In the years of the First World War, he made his way from the commander of the company of the Life Guards of Finland to the commander of the Life Guards of the Moscow Regiment, receiving 5 wounds and 2 heavy contusions in battles.
In 1918, Vertinsky toured in Odessa, following the units of the White Army, retreating under the blows of the Reds.
As Alexander Nikolayevich recalls, at the hotel where he was staying, at night he was lifted out of bed and brought to the camp car of Lieutenant-General Yakov Sashchev.
Then Slashchov asked the artist to perform his favorite song “Boys”, and Vertinsky sang to him the famous:
“... in the middle of the table there was a large round box with cocaine ... in the hands of those sitting there were small goose feathers-toothpicks. From time to time, the guests would pick up a white powder in them and smell them, driving it into one or the other nostril. ”
At this time, the slang expression “Baltic tea” appeared, which was nothing but a mixture of drinking alcohol with cocaine.
They say that the “warmed-up” fighters could not sleep for days, did not know fatigue, went on the attack without fear, and did not feel pain when injured.
Our famous surgeon N.N. Burdenko, analyzing the means of anesthesia used in 1914 on the North-Western Front, complained about the lack of drugs that would not cause dependence on them in the wounded, insisted on the need in this regard to carefully prepare for future wars.
According to various estimates, the number of injured in the tsarist army during the years of WWI was between 3.2 million and 3.8 million people.
How many of them could have been rescued by field doctors, if there were more drugs in the sanitary units of the Russian army and fewer in the rear, no one would answer.
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